Do Statistics Show Differences between Distance Estimations of 3D Objects in the Traffic Environment Using Glances, Side View Mirrors, and Camera Display?

MDPI AG

Aleksandar Trifunović , Svetlana Čičević , Sreten Simović , Živana Slović , Vedran Vukšić , Tijana Ivanišević

Preuzmite dokument

2023

The driver’s task in traffic is to evaluate traffic situations and act in accordance with the estimate. One of the most common causes of road crashes is “incorrect estimated of the traffic situation”. Correct perception of surroundings is one of the prerequisites for safe and successful driving. To investigate the mentioned issue, the authors of this paper conducted an experimental study with the aim of determining what affects the estimation of the object distance. In contrast to previous studies known from the available literature, our study presents experimental research of the estimated distance of 3D stimuli in three environments by direct observation, a rear-view mirror, and a camera display in a vehicle. One-hundred-and-sixty-four participants participated in the experiment. The research results show statistically significant differences in the estimation of the distance of 3D objects for different colors. Participants, for the largest number of stimuli, best estimate the distance from direct observation than through the rear-view mirror, while they make the most mistakes when estimating the distance of 3D objects using the camera display in a vehicle. On the other hand, in all described conditions, the respondents estimated the distance to the blue and green objects with the most significant errors.

MDPI AG

Analysis of User Attitudes and Behavior in the Context of Traditional Delivery and the Use of Parcel Lockers

Background: The rapid development of e-commerce has led to significant changes in last-mile logistics, where innovative delivery solutions such as parcel lockers are increasingly considered to improve efficiency and flexibility. Methods: This study analyzes user attitudes and behavior toward traditional delivery and parcel locker usage through a quantitative survey conducted in November 2024 in Serbia, on a sample of 420 respondents with diverse demographic characteristics. Results: The findings...

Preuzmite dokument 2026 Aleksandar Trifunović , Sreten Simović , Tijana Ivanišević

The Road Association of Serbia Via-vita

Perception and Attitudes of Courier Service Deliverers in the Republic of Serbia

Delivery of goods in cities represents an important prerequisite for the functioning of everyday life. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed consumer behaviour and encouraged a shift to online shopping, which continues to grow steadily worldwide. In this context, a study was conducted to examine the perceptions and attitudes of 104 courier service delivery workers in Serbia. The research shows that delivery workers are predominantly young men living in urban areas, often combining delivery work with...

Preuzmite dokument 2025 Aleksandar Trifunović , Sreten Simović , Tijana Ivanišević

MDPI AG

Factors Influencing Courier Drivers’ Preferences and Safety Perceptions in Urban Deliveries

Background: Urban freight transport is essential for the functioning of cities. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the growth of e-commerce, creating new challenges for courier services. While consumer satisfaction has been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to courier drivers’ own perceptions and preferences. This study aims to fill that gap. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 139 drivers employed in eight courier companies in Serbia. Data were analyzed using parametric...

Preuzmite dokument 2025 Aleksandar Trifunović , Larysa Neduzha , Sreten Simović , Tijana Ivanišević

MDPI AG

Assessing Tractors’ Active Safety in Serbia: A Driving Simulator Study

The active safety of tractors remains a major concern in rural road environments, where tractor drivers face high crash risks due to limited vehicle visibility. In Serbia, 1.4% of crashes involve tractors, mainly due to poor visibility (64.3%), lack of beacon lights, unsafe overtaking, and unmarked stopped tractors (14.3% each). These issues reduce safety, increase fuel consumption and emissions, and cause economic losses. A driving simulator study with 117 drivers examined how visibility equipment...

Preuzmite dokument 2025 Aleksandar Trifunović , Larysa Neduzha , Sreten Simović , Tijana Ivanišević , Vaidas Lukoševičius

MDPI AG

The Influence of Vehicle Color on Speed Perception in Nighttime Driving Conditions

Vehicle color coatings have long been recognized as a factor influencing road safety, particularly regarding their impact on speed perception and crash risk. This study aims to examine how different vehicle color coatings affect drivers’ perception of speed under nighttime driving conditions, with a specific focus on sustainability and visibility. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted using a driving simulator to replicate realistic night traffic scenarios. A total of 161 participants...

Preuzmite dokument 2025 Aleksandar Trifunović , Nenad Marković , Sreten Simović , Tijana Ivanišević