Background: Both over- and under-antibiotic use pose major global health challenges, yet there is no consensus on how to quantify deviations from optimal prescribing or set evidence-based targets. We developed a benchmarking tool for inpatient antibiotic use and evaluated its application in 10 countries.
Methods: We developed decision-tree models to estimate expected empiric antibiotic use for 11 indications, based on the WHO AWaRe book for two age groups: 28 days to 12 years and >12 years. We parameterised the models using country-specific antimicrobial resistance estimates in the 10 countries and cross-sectional Global Point Prevalence Survey (Global-PPS) case-mix data from 2021 for 10 countries and from 2015-2022 in a subset of five countries. We then compared estimated expected antibiotic use with observed empiric use
(from Global-PPS) in defined daily doses for adults and days of therapy for children, across indications and AWaRe categories.
Findings: In 2021, among patients aged >12 years, in all countries but one, observed empiric Access antibiotic use, as a proportion of total antibiotic use, was lower than expected and empiric Watch antibiotic use was higher than expected. Similar patterns were observed in all
countries but one in patients aged 28 days to 12 years. The magnitude of discrepancies between expected and observed Access and Watch antibiotic use varied across indications and countries. The median observed-to-expected ratios of usage across countries ranged from 0.3-0.8 for Access antibiotics, and 0.7-5.3 for Watch antibiotics in patients aged >12 years in 2021. Temporal trends from repeated surveys from 2015 to 2022 showed little change in
observed-to-expected ratios for Access and Watch antibiotics.
Interpretation: This benchmarking tool uses Global-PPS data to quantify differences between observed antibiotic use and WHO AWaRe recommendations. Our tool can be adaptable to local guidelines, provides policy-relevant estimates of expected antibiotic use to
support monitoring, procurement planning, and targeted stewardship intervention.
