eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight
Thomas M Dantoft , Dan Zhu , Elaine M Murtagh , Ali Ahmadi , Slawomir Koziel , Rachakulla Hari Kumar , Indrapal I Meshram , James E Bennett , Naser Ahmadi , Esther Lopez-Garcia , Aryeh D Stein , Pierre Traissac , Chinh Nguyen Huu , Mirjam Heinen , Ruth Frikke-Schmidt , Vanina Bongard , Rosemarie Martin , Sari Hantunen , Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao , Anne Taylor , Arnaud Chiolero , Joana Araújo , Mostafa K Mohamed , Amina Barkat , Ranko Stevanovic , Mária Avdicová , Angela Döring , Rosalynn Siantar , Dimitrios Papandreou , Silvia Bel-Serrat , Uruwan Yamborisut , Azli Baharudin , Lynne M Boddy , Maria Paula Santos , Marcela Gonzalez-Gross , Ryutaro Ohtsuka , Rusidah Selamat , Michel Joffres , Shouling Wu , Stefan Kiechl , Ramiro Guerrero , Stefania Toselli , Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff , Garry R Brian , Marjolein Visser , Zhengming Chen , Yury P Nikitin , Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener , Jorge Bezerra , Tanja Stocks , Sameer Narake , Mihai Gafencu , Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud , Trevor S Ferguson , Garry Jennings , Kaosar Afsana , Toomas Veidebaum , Semánová Csilla , Tazeen Jafar , Farzad Hadaegh , Jurate Medzioniene , Soon-Woo Park , Ellisiv B Mathiesen , Nihal Thomas , Mojtaba Farjam , Gailute Bernotiene , Mukharram M Bikbov , Jeonghee Lee , Maria Tsigga , Shu-Ti Chiou , Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei , Alun Evans , Bekbolat Zholdin , Shariq R Masoodi , Martin C Gulliford , Ahmad A Zainuddin , Morteza Shamshirgaran , Urho M Kujala , Dong Wook Shin , Niels Wedderkopp , Eugène Sobngwi , Winsome R Parnell , Jacqueline F Price , Anette Varbo , Heloísa Bettiol , Wolfgang Ahrens , Moein Yoosefi , Fatima Zahra Laamiri , Fereidoun Azizi , Herman Borghs , Lorenza Pilotto , Sibel Gogen , Antonio M Silva , Aline Meirhaeghe , Marta Buoncristiano , Jean Claude N Mbanya , Lèlita C Santos , Cristina Padez , Raija Korpelainen , Bharathi Viswanathan , Anja Schienkiewitz , Francesco Branca , Maria Teresa Menzano , Thirunavukkarasu Sathish , Mathilde Savy , Caleb Ochimana , Ruzena Kubinova , Dirk Vanderschueren , Susanne R de Rooij , Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam , Marie Moitry , Davide Noto , Hanan F Abdul Rahim , Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir , Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff , Tomas Vega , Jingli Gao , Gregor Starc , Vinay B Nangia , Deepak N Amarapurkar , Rosangela L Batista , Ana Rito , Mohammad Reza Mirjalili , Charalambos A Hadjigeorgiou , Justina Vaitkeviciute , Esteban Carmuega , Qian Wang , Heidi Klakk , Bogdan Wojtyniak , Yanping Li , Oonagh Markey , Mieczyslaw Litwin , Caroline H Fall , Cynthia M Pérez , Antonia Trichopoulou , Mostafa Qorbani , Ningli Wang , Olli Raitakari , Abbas Rezaianzadeh , Mohd Azahadi Omar , Hoang Van Minh , Sarah P Garnett , Aung Soe Htet , Andrzej Wiecek , Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki , Iraj Nabipour , Rui Providencia , Niloofar Peykari , Anjani Kumar Jha , Bernard Maire , Genc Burazeri , Roya Kelishadi , Mahmudur Rahman , Maties Torrent , Chien-Jen Chen , Gulmira Aitmurzaeva , Tai Hing Lam , Hermann Pohlabeln , Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña , Juan P González-Rivas , Alberto Palloni , Andrea Gazzinelli , Frederic Gottrand , Luis Serra-Majem , Aye Aye Sein , Yi Song , Alfonso Siani , Eleonora d'Orsi , Denise Eldemire-Shearer , Japhet Killewo , Liis Nelis , Machi Suka , Sudha Ramachandra Rao , Fernanda Cunha Soares , Eman Aly , Ekaterina Stoyanova , Ahmed A Madar , Iveta Pudule , Michael J Tornaritis , Emmanuella Magriplis , Örn Olafsson , Mohammad Reza Fattahi , Marta García-Solano , Frank J Rühli , Aida Pilav , Maria Cecília F Assunção , Tiina Laatikainen , Els Clays , Eliza Cinteza , Ian Rouse , Romana Roccaldo , Salim Berkinbayev , Gry Skodje , Kay-Tee Khaw , Jostein Steene-Johannessen , Goodarz Danaei , Abdul Hamid Zargar , Idowu O Senbanjo , Damian K Francis , R Krishna Kumar , Luciana Zaccagni , Anders Grøntved , Marisa K Sophiea , Kairit Mikkel , Stephen T McGarvey , Andre P Kengne , Robert Beaglehole , Roy A Wong-McClure , Farnam Mohebi , Eunice Ugel , Nikhil D Patel , Svetlana A Shalnova , Robert Lundqvist , Karina Mary de Paiva , Catherine Kyobutungi , Ahmad Reza Dorosty , Naomi S Levitt , Timothy Key , Marloes Cardol , Queenie Chan , Monika Zuziak , Pedro Marques-Vidal , Reza Malekzadeh , Elena Pahomova , Sidsel Graff-Iversen , Antonis Zampelas , Stefania Maggi , Jukka T Salonen , Stefan Söderberg , Khanh Le Nguyen Bao , Dickman Gareta , Jean Woo , Prakash C Gupta , Mattias Johansson , Lourdes Ribas-Barba , Jianfeng Wu , Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa , Tomasz Zdrojewski , Eduardo Salazar Martinez , Petra Rust , Janette Walton , Aroor Bhagyalaxmi , Ana Maria B Menezes , Michele Monroy-Valle , Bihungum Bista , Maria do Carmo Franco , Beatriz D Schaan , Ida Maria Schmidt , Magdalena Klimek , Benoît Salanave , José Eugenio Lozano , Herculina S Kruger , Savvas Savva , Jamila Abubakar Garba , Nor Azwany Yaacob , Yves Martin-Prevel , Vilnis Dzerve , Francesco Pistelli , Iuliia A Rusakova , Olfa Saidi , Kenneth James , Luxia Zhang , Jose Sánchez-Abanto , Slavica Sovic , Margus Punab , Else Karin Grøholt , Allan G Hill , Leng Huat Foo , Matthias Bopp , Lars Lind , Wen-Harn Pan , Wei-Cheng Lo , Pascal Bovet , Karen Sparrenberger , Arvind Pandey , Wei-Yen Lim , Krishna K Aryal , Scott B McLean , Ivan Pecin , Reynaldo Martorell , Malgorzata Mossakowska , Fikru Tullu , Alexander D Deev , Thorkild IA Sørensen , Ionela M Pascanu , Lauren Lissner , Hana Zamrazilová , Sara Santos Sanz , Jyrki K Virtanen , , Alisha N Wade , Marie Kunešová , Alejandro Diaz , Judith Benedics , Azim Nejatizadeh , Ziad A Abdeen , Mauro Virgílio Gomes Barros , Agustinus Soemantri , Mohamed M Ali , Reza Homayounfar , Felix O Kaducu , Visnja Djordjic , Thomas Ferrao , Felipe V Cureau , Felix K Assah , Maciej Banach , Lijuan Liu , Lutgarde Thijs , Clive Osmond , Jing Liu , Michael Sjöström , Amaneh Shayanrad , Axel C Carlsson , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Justyna Godos , M Fernanda Lima-Costa , Cassiano Ricardo Rech , Ingunn Holden Bergh , Rosemary B Duda , Marius B Bjertness , Maria LC Iurilli , Elin Kolle , Manu Raj , Mariachiara Di Cesare , Gabriella Gruden , Jorge Motta , Farhad Pourfarzi , Srinivasan Kannan , Rod T Jackson , Joseph Cacciottolo , Bin Zhou , Lariane M Ono , Julianne Williams , Nader Saki , Yves Kameli , Virginija Dulskiene , Cora L Craig , Lekhraj Rampal , Tahir Aris , Argyro Karakosta , Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar , Ana Henriques , Martijn Huisman , Rainford J Wilks , Muhammad Islam , Harunobu Nakamura , Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro da Silva , Julie Taylor , Adelheid Weber , Jolanda Hyska , Laetitia Huiart , Liam Smeeth , Kari Kuulasmaa , Maria Ruiz-Castell , Ina S Santos , Breige A McNulty , Yuan He , Eero O Kajantie , Peter H Whincup , Belong Cho , Thein Thein Htay , Enisa Kujundzic , Maria Hassapidou , Christina Mavrogianni , Juergen Breckenkamp , Aušra Petrauskiene , Maria Forsner , Suzanne C Ho , Jardena J Puder , Bee Koon Poh , Peter Vollenweider , Harshpal S Sachdev , Stine Schramm , Ha TP Do , Ramon A Rascon-Pacheco , Rachel Dankner , May Soe Aung , Nguyen D Nguyen , Chao Qiang Jiang , Reza Mohammadpourhodki , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Christine Cameron , Anna Bugge , Susana Sans , Seppo Koskinen , Mihaela Vladulescu , Graziella D'Arrigo , Rachael M McLean , Ulla Roggenbuck , Mathilde Kersting , María-Dolores Chirlaque , Fadia AlBuhairan , Shuohua Chen , Valentina Peterkova , Cynthia Robitaille , Jean Ferrieres , Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo , David De Ridder , Salar Rahimikazerooni , Ko Ko Zaw , Dragana P Jovic , Nico Dragano , Dénes Molnár , Xun Tang , Claes Ohlsson , Pradeep Joshi , Alice Bonilla-Vargas , Vayia Rarra , Lars Bo Andersen , Gert BM Mensink , Marcel Goldberg , Helmut Schröder , Angelique W Chan , Dusko J Bjelica , David A Gonzalez-Chica , Tandi E Matsha , Joao Luiz D Bastos , Violeta Iotova , Rafel Ramos , Honor Bixby , João Breda , Michael Knoflach , Hanno Ulmer , Ambady Ramachandran , Parasmani Dasgupta , Frank Claessens , Alireza Sadjadi , Martin McKee , Elio Riboli , Eha Nurk , Christina-Paulina Lambrinou , Sara Schramm , Freja B Kampmann , Jim I Mann , Tuyen D Le , Suyeon Park , Jacek J Jóźwiak , Ana Paula C Cândido , Rute Santos , Kai-Uwe Saum , Gregorio Varela-Moreiras , Merete Osler , Nasheeta Peer , Maya Tanrygulyyeva , Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh , Peter T Katzmarzyk , Josep Redon , Bhawesh Koirala , Eduardo Capuano , Toshiharu Ninomiya , Aya Mostafa , Simona Costanzo , Jaakko Tuomilehto , Saeed Dastgiri , Luisa M Macieira , Sabina Zambon , Zbigniew Gaciong , Anne Juolevi , Amir Houshang Mehrparvar , Badreya Al-Lahou , Himanshu K Chaturvedi , Charles K Mondo , Günay Can , Bahman Cheraghian , Iqbal Bata , Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera , Teresa Haugsgjerd , Diana A Santos , Nicholas Wareham , Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar , Terho Lehtimäki , Inge Huybrechts , Chien-An Sun , Jean Dallongeville , Ala'a Alkerwi , Liang Xu , Saeid Safiri , Nadežda Capková , Norazizah Ibrahim Wong , Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez , Bente Sparboe-Nilsen , Elnaz Faramarzi , Tilema Cama , Liufu Cui , Alibek Mereke , Helena Nogueira , Ali Ghanbari , 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, Samuel C Dumith , Erfan Ghasemi , Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic , Marie Eliasen , Oanh TH Trinh , Maria Dorobantu , Jana Námešná , Daan Kromhout , Maria G Stathopoulou , Regina Heidinger-Felso , Dominique Hange , Meghnath Dhimal , Andreia N Pizarro , Janina Petkeviciene , Tien Yin Wong , Thamara Hubler Figueiró , Helle-Mai Loit , Diego Vanuzzo , Leila Houti , Luis Revilla , Sigmund A Anderssen , Dominique Cottel , Belgin Unal , Freda Pitakaka , Hana Shimizu-Furusawa , Tania Tello , Fernando Rigo , Eiji Oda , Tania Lopez , Tara C Coppinger , Vera Musil , Aline Wagner , Davood Khalili , Bagher Larijani , Mahfuzar Rahman , Marialaura Bonaccio , Francesco Panza , Antonio Cabrera de León , Alireza Khosravi , Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad , Lital Keinan Boker , Aleksander Giwercman , Peter Bjerregaard , Hui Cai , Kouamelan Doua , Isabel O Oliveira , Myriam Galfo , Ben Schöttker , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam , Maria Wany Strufaldi , Vedrana Sember , Ming-Dong Wang , Luis P Mascarenhas , Nazan Yardim , 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González-Leon , Andrea RVR Horimoto , Yuki Fujita , Hamed Pouraram , William A Neal , Rudolf Kaaks , Matsuda Fumihiko , Biruta Velika , Alison J Hayes , Paul Ferdinand M Reganit , Cecily Kelleher , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Masanori Iwasaki , Soheir H Ahmed , Rahul Malhotra , Abbas Dehghan , Antonisamy Belavendra , Yufang Bi , Angela Chetrit , Chung T Nguyen , Xenophon Theodoridis , Karien Stronks , Maung Maung Than Htike , Joel GR Roy , Thomas Waldhör , Kenji Shibuya , Hermann Brenner , Giota Touloumi , Patrick Pasquet , Rafaela V Rosario , Murat Topbas , Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol , Macia Enguerran , Enzo Manzato , Mariana Sbaraini , Heba M Fouad , Tran Quoc Bao , Sandra C Fuchs , Elisabete Ramos , Yanina Zocalo , Pedro Plans-Rubió , Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad , Shoaib Afzal , Laura Censi , Lien Braeckevelt , Hsien-Ho Lin , Shiqi Zhen , Ali Akbar Shayesteh , Charmaine A Duante , Kenisha Russell Jonsson , Kelias P Msyamboza , Khuong Quynh Long , Christa Meisinger , Osvaldo Santos , Claudia M Hormiga , Daniela Pierannunzio , Anneke Blokstra , Kaare Christensen , Sinead Brophy , Wichai Aekplakorn , S Goya Wannamethee , Majid Shirani , Yn-Tz Sung , Paul H Lee , Ellina Rakhimova , Han CG Kemper , Eva Martos , Hashem Y Jaddou , Sanja Musić Milanović , Weili Yan , Melanie J Cowan , Abdullatif Husseini , Vincenzo Capuano , Dorja Vocanec , Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Maria Puiu , Jun Ma , Paola Nardone , Zahra Mohammadi , Robert J Adams , Youcef Laid , Prabhdeep Kaur , Keiu Nelis , Päivi Mäki , Rebecca A Goldsmith , Bethlehem D Solomon , Aleksandra Piwonska , Philippe Amouyel , Rafael N Pichardo , Iris Pigeot , Alain Morejon , María José Tormo , Amelia C Crampin , Matthias Nauck , Mario V Capanzana , Paibul Suriyawongpaisal , Aneta Weres , Margarita Samoutian , Line T Møllehave , Irene GM van Valkengoed , Magda Gasull , Ei Ei K Nang , Martin Nankap , Abdullah Alkandari , Aleksandra Gomula , Frederick C Wu , Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo , Guy De Backer , Gretchen A Stevens , Leandra Abarca-Gómez , Lacramioara Brinduse , Frank Tanser , Katsuyasu Kouda , Lynell V Maniego , Jody C Miller , Paulo A Lotufo , Shukri F Mohamed , Ari Voutilainen , Shelly R McFarlane , Hynek Pikhart , Maria G Grammatikopoulou , Przemyslaw Slusarczyk , Andrzej Pajak , Felicia Cañete , Jin Soo Moon , Liv Elin Torheim , Diego Salmerón , Sarah Filippi , Terence W O'Neill , Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez , Eric Monterrubio-Flores , Loreto Santa Marina , Grzegorz Sobek , Veikko Salomaa , Christa L Lilly , Anthony Kafatos , Edward W Gregg , Ilona Nenko , Laura Torres-Collado , Leticia Hernandez Cadena , Aletta E Schutte , Yonghua Hu , José María Huerta , Andrea Gualtieri , Avula Laxmaiah , Ying-Wei Wang , Diego G Christofaro , Emmanuel Cohen , Xu Ma , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Rosalba Rojas-Martinez , Deepa Weerasekera , Anastasia Markaki , Herman Schargrodsky , Gabriele Nagel , Son Thai Pham , Jussi Kauhanen , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Maria Nordendahl , Louise A Baur , Bill Stavreski , Takafumi Ishida , Yadlapalli S Kusuma , Igor Spiroski , Jørgen Meisfjord , Julio Zuñiga Cisneros , Fabio Galvano , José A Casajús , Niels C Møller , Juel Jarani , Rody G Sy , Yin Guo , Elisabetta L Romeo , Kaspar Staub , Jürgen König , Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior , Sanjib K Sharma , Xiaoguang Yang , Heiner Boeing , Cláudia S Minderico , Radka Taxová Braunerová , Hannu MT Uusitalo , Mohsen M Ibrahim , Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani , Paula Duarte de Oliveira , Johan G Eriksson , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Raimund Erbel , Jochanan Stessman , Nagalla Balakrishna , Ivana Radic , William R Tebar , Patrick Kolsteren , Charumathi Sabanayagam , Luis Lopes , Hélène Delisle , Assembekov Batyrbek , Majid Ezzati , Maryam Kavousi , Peter Ueda , Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin , Farhad Zamani , Hamid Hakimi , Jyh Eiin Wong , Abhijit Sen , Boban Mugosa , Senthil K Vasan , Safiah Md Yusof , Konstantinos Gkiouras , Stefaan De Henauw , Noor Ani Ahmad , Felipe F Casanueva , Raphael M Ritti-Dias , Annette Peters , Cihangir Erem , Chris Cowell , Marcin Rutkowski , Ramon O Jimenez , Anwar M Batieha , Sofia K Malyutina , Victor Sequera , Panayiotis K Yiallouros , Rafael dos Santos Henrique , Ana P Ortiz , Namuna Shrestha , Maria L Muiesan , Dong Zhao , Paola Russo , Xiu-Hua Guo , Daniel Lemogoum , Kristine Allin , Tiffany K Gill , Mette Rasmussen , Abdul Basit , GK Mini , Afshin Ostovar , Rui Ornelas , Guang Ning , Shohreh Naderimagham , Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya , Ulf Ekelund , Jakub Stokwiszewski , José R Banegas , Zumin Shi , Jia Li Duan , Paolo Vineis , Haakon E Meyer , Guillermo Frontera , Marcia Scazufca , Geetha R Menon , Sergej M Ostojic , Natascia Rinaldo , Leanne M Riley , Ertugrul Celikcan , Gabriele Eiben , Ana Azevedo
2021
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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